Hermano Igo Krebs

Principal Research Scientist and Lecturer

Room 3-137D
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
77 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge MA 02139-4307
Phone: 617-253-8112
Fax: 617-258-7018
Email: hikrebs@mit.edu
Web: http://web.mit.edu/hogan/www/

Research Interests
Neuro-rehabilitation, functional imaging, human-machine interactions, robotics, and dynamic systems modeling & control.

Current Research
Underlying my research is one overarching goal: to revolutionize the practice of rehabilitation medicine by applying robotics and information technology that can assist, enhance, and quantify rehabilitation -- particularly neuro-rehabilitation. Unlike the efforts of predecessors who used robotics as an assistive technology for the disabled, my approach uses robots and computers to support and enhance the clinicians' productivity as they facilitate a disabled individual's functional recovery. The embodiment of this goal is a new class of interactive, user-affectionate clinical devices designed not only for evaluating patients, but also for delivering meaningful therapy via engaging "video games." The science is the understanding of the neuro-muscular, motor learning, and neuro-recovery processes. The engineering is the design and control of human-machine interfaces in general, and robot-aids for different limbs and body segments in particular. On the crossroad between science and engineering is the patients' movement analysis. At first blush this might seem unduly ambitious; a "technology push" rather than a "market pull." Yet as with other archaic industries, the rehabilitation field is ripe for a change. Robotics and information technology can provide an overdue transformation of rehabilitation clinics from primitive manual operations to more technology-rich operations. Robot-aids not only are more efficient in delivering certain routine physical and occupational therapy activities, but also provide a rich stream of data that assists in patient diagnosis, customization of the therapy, and maintenance of patient records (at the clinic and at home). Our research group pioneered the use of robots in three distinct areas, and since then has energetically promoted the concept. Our pioneering efforts focused on three main areas (for more detail check "The Eric P. and Evelyn E. Newman Laboratory for Biomechanics and Human Rehabilitation" homepage at http://web.mit.edu/hogan/www/):

Education
Escola Politecnica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil -- BS Naval Engineering, 1980
Escola Politecnica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil -- MS Naval Engineering, 1987
Yokohama National University, Japan -- MS Ocean Engineering, 1989
Massachusetts Institute of Technology -- PhD Engineering, 1997

Professional Experience
1977-1978 -- Teacher: Electrical Design -- Escola Técnica Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
1978-1979 -- Research Assistant: Identification of Hydrodynamic Coefficients -- Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
1980-1986 -- Surveyor: Ships, Offshore Platforms, Container Cranes -- ABS-American Bureau of Shipping, São Paulo Office, Brazil
1989 -- Visiting Researcher: High-Speed Containership -- Sumitomo Heavy Industry, Hiratsuka, Japan
1993-1996 -- Engineer: Container Crane Design & Construction -- Casper, Phillips, & Associates, Tacoma, Washington
1989-1996 -- Research Assistant: Robot-Aided Neuro-Rehabilitation and Functional Imaging -- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
1997-present -- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Patents
1. Krebs, "Shelfship-Shelftainer: a new concept in container transport," Japan Application Patent, Utility Model 102599, 31 August 1989.
2. Hogan, Krebs, Sharon, Charnnarong, "Interactive Robotic Therapist, " US Patent No. 5,466,213, November 1975.
3. Hogan & Krebs, "System and Method for Medical Imaging Utilizing a Robotic Device, and Robotic Device for Use in Medical Imaging," US Patent No. 5,794,621, August 1998.

Selected Papers
1. Takezawa, S.; Ueno, S. & Krebs, H.I.; "Directives for the Design of a Linear Quadratic Autopilot for Minimum Fuel Consumption"; Journal Society of Naval Architects of Japan; 166:57-67 (1989).
2. Aisen, M.L.; Krebs, H.I.; McDowell, F.; Hogan, N.; Volpe, B.T.; "The Effect of Robot Assisted Therapy & Rehabilitative Training on Motor Recovery Following a Stroke"; Archives of Neurology; 54:443-446 (1997).
3. Krebs, H.I.; Brashers-Krug, T.; Rauch, S.L.; Savage, C.R.; Hogan, N.; Rubin, R.H.; Fischman, A.J.; Alpert, N.M.; "Robot-Aided Functional Imaging: Application to a Motor Learning Study"; Human Brain Mapping; John Wiley & Sons, 6:59-72 (1998).
4. Krebs, H.I.; Hogan, N.; Aisen, M.L.; Volpe, B.T.; "Robot-Aided Neuro-Rehabilitation", IEEE - Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, 6:1:75-87 (1998).
5. Krebs, H.I.; Hogan, N.; Aisen, M.L.; Volpe, B.T.; "Quantization of Continuous Arm Movements in Humans with Brain Injury", Proc. National. Academy of Science; 96:4645-4649 (1999).
6. Hogan, N.; Doeringer, J.A.; Krebs, H.I.; "Arm Movement Control is both Continuous and Discrete", Cognitive Studies; Bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society, 6:3:254-273 (1999).
7. Volpe, B.T., Krebs, H.I., Hogan, N., Edelstein, L., Diels, C.M., Aisen, M.L.; "Robot Training Enhanced Motor Outcome in Patients with Stroke maintained over 3 years", Neurology, 53:1874-1876 (1999).
8. Krebs, H.I., Volpe, B.T., Aisen, M.L., Hogan, N.; "Robotic Applications in Neuromotor Rehabilitation", Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 5:3:50-63 (1999).
9. Volpe, B.T., Krebs, H.I., Hogan, N., Edelstein, L., Diels, C.M., Aisen, M.; "A Novel Approach to Stroke Rehabilitation: Robot Aided Sensorymotor Stimulation", Neurology, 54:1938-1944 (2000).
10. Krebs, H.I., Volpe, B.T., Aisen, M.L., Hogan, N.; "Increasing Productivity and Quality of Care: Robot-Aided Neurorehabilitation", VA Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 37:6:639-652 (2000).
11. Krebs, H.I., Hogan, N., Hening, W., Adamovich, S., Poizner, H.; "Procedural Motor Learning in Parkinson's Disease"; Exp. Brain Res. 141:425-437 (2001).
12. Volpe, B.T., Krebs, H.I., Hogan, N.; Is robot-aided sensorimotor training in stroke rehabilitation a realistic option? , Current Opinion in Neurology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2001).
13. Krebs, H.I.; Volpe, B.T.; Ferraro, M.; Fasoli, S.; Palazzolo, J.; Rohrer, B.; Edelstein, L.; Hogan, N.; "Robot-Aided Neuro-Rehabilitation: From Evidence-Based to Science-Based Rehabilitation"; Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation , 8:4:54-68 (2002).
14. Rohrer, B.; Fasoli, S.; Krebs, H.I.; Hughes, R.; Volpe, B.; Frontera, W.R.; Stein, J.; Hogan, N.; "Movement Smoothness Changes during Stroke Recovery"; J. Neuroscience, 22(18)8297-8304 (2002).
15. Volpe, B.T.; Ferraro, M.; Krebs, H.I.; Hogan, N.; "Robotics in the rehabilitation treatment of patients with stroke." In J. Gotto, A.M. and J.P. Blass (Eds.), Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 4:270-276 (2002)
16. Krebs, H.I.; Volpe, B.T.; Aisen, M.L.; Hening, W.; Adamovich, S.; Poizner, H.; Subrahmanyan, K; Hogan, N. "Robotic Applications in Neuromotor Rehabilitation"; Robotica 21:3-11 (2003)
17. Volpe BT; Krebs HI; Hogan N.; "Robot aided sensorimotor training in stroke rehabilitation" In, HJM Barnett, J Bogousslavsky, H Meldrum (eds) Ischemic Stroke, Advances in Neurology, 92:429-34, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. (2003)
18. Fasoli, S. E.; Krebs, H. I.; Stein, J.; Frontera, W. R.; Hogan, N.; "Effects of Robotic Therapy on Motor Impairment and Recovery in Chronic Stroke"; Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 84: 477-82 (2003)
19. Ferraro, M.; Palazzolo, J.J.; Krol, J.; Krebs, H.I.; Hogan, N.; Volpe, B.T.; "Robot-aided sensorimotor arm training improves outcome in patients with chronic stroke" Neurology 61:1604-1607 (2003)
20. Krebs, H.I., Palazzolo, J.J., Dipietro, L., Ferraro, M., Krol, J., Rannekleiv, K., Volpe, B.T., Hogan, N., "Rehabilitation robotics: performance-based progressive robot-assisted therapy"; Autonomous Robots 15:7-20 (2003).
21. Krebs, H.I.; Volpe, B.T.; Lennihan, L.; Fasoli, S.; Lynch, D.; Dominick, L.; Hogan, N.; "Notes on Rehabilitation Robotics and Stroke"; In. F. Lofaso, A. Roby-Brami, J.F. Ravaud (Eds.); Technological Innovations and Handicap, Frison Roche (2004).
22. Volpe, B.T.; M. Ferraro; D. Lynch; P. Christos; J. Krol; C. Trudell; H.I. Krebs; N. Hogan; "Robotics and Other Devices in the Treatment of Patients Recovering from Stroke"; Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 6:314–319 (2004).
23. Fasoli, S. E.; Krebs, H. I.; Stein, J.; Frontera, W. R.; Hughes, R.; Hogan, N.; "Robotic Therapy for Chronic Motor Impairments after Stroke: Follow-Up Results"; Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 85:1106-1111 (2004).
24. Rohrer, B.; Fasoli. F.; Krebs, H.I.; Volpe, B.T.; Frontera, W.R.; Stein, J.; Hogan, N.; "Submovements Grow Larger, Fewer, and More Blended During Stroke Recovery"; Motor Control, 8:472-483 (2004).
25. Krebs, H.I.; Celestino, J.; Williams, D.; Ferraro, M.; Volpe, B.T.; Hogan, N.; "A Wrist Extension to MIT-MANUS" In Z. Zenn Bien and Dimitar Stefanov (Eds.) Advances in Human-Friendly Robotic Technologies for Movement Assistance / Movement Restoration for People with Disabilities Springer-Verlag series Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, Vol 306 (2004).
26. Fasoli, S.E.; Krebs, H.I.; Ferraro, M.; Hogan, N.; Volpe, B.T.; "Does shorter rehabilitation limit potential recovery post-stroke?" Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 18:2:88-94 (2004).
27. Buerger, S.P.; Palazzolo, J.J.; Krebs, H.I.; Hogan, N.; "Rehabilitation Robotics: Adapting Robot Behavior to Suit Patient Needs and Abilities." Proc. American Control Conference, pp.3239-3244 (2004).
28. Hogan, N. & Krebs. H.I. "Interactive Robots for Neuro-Rehabilitation" In T. Platz (ed.) Motor System Plasticity, Recovery, and Rehabilitation Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 20:1-10 RNN277, IOS Press (2004)
29. Stein, J.; Krebs, H.I.; Frontera, W.R.; Fasoli, S.E.; Hughes, R.; Hogan, N.; "Comparison of Two Techniques of Robot-Aided Upper Limb Exercise Training After Stroke" American Journal Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 83:9:720-728 (2004).
30. Krebs, H.I.; Ferraro, M.; Buerger, S.P.; Newbery, M.J.; Makiyama, A.; Sandmann, M.; Lynch, D.; Volpe, B.T.; Hogan, N.; "Rehabilitation Robotics: Pilot Trial of a Spatial Extension for MIT-Manus" Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 1:5 Biomedcentral (2004).